Ko te pūngao, hei pūtake rauemi mō te ahunga whakamua o te ao tangata, he mea nui tonu. He taurangi nui mō te whanaketanga o te hapori tangata. I te taha o te wai, te hau, me te kai, koia ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te oranga o te tangata, ā, he pānga tika ki te oranga o te tangata.

E rua ngā panonitanga nui kua pā ki te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao mai i te "wā" o te wahie ki te "wā" o te waro, kātahi mai i te "wā" o te waro ki te "wā" o te hinu. Inaianei kua tīmata te panoni mai i te "wā" o te hinu ki te "wā" o te huringa pūngao hou.

Mai i te waro hei pūtake matua i te tīmatanga o te rautau 19 ki te hinu hei pūtake matua i waenganui o te rautau 20, kua neke atu i te 200 tau te tangata e whakamahi ana i te pūngao pūmua i runga i te tauine nui. Heoi, ko te hanganga pūngao o te ao e whakahaerehia ana e te pūngao pūmua e kore e matara atu i te mimiti o te pūngao pūmua.

Ko ngā kawe pūngao pūmua tuku iho e toru, arā, te waro, te hinu me te hau māori, ka tere te pau i te rautau hou, ā, i roto i te tukanga whakamahinga me te tahunga, ka puta hoki te pānga kati kōtuhi, ka puta he nui o ngā poke, ā, ka poke hoki te taiao.

Nō reira, he mea nui kia whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki te pūngao pūmua, kia whakarerekētia te hanganga whakamahinga pūngao koretake o nāianei, ā, kia rapua hoki he pūngao hou ka taea te whakahou, he ma, he kore parahanga.

I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā pūngao whakahou ko te pūngao hau, te pūngao hauwai, te pūngao rā, te pūngao koiora, te pūngao tai me te pūngao waiariki, ā, ko te pūngao hau me te pūngao rā ngā wāhi rangahau o te ao.

Heoi, he uaua tonu te whakatutuki i te hurihanga me te rokiroki whai hua o ngā momo pūtake pūngao hou, ā, nā reira he uaua ki te whakamahi tika i aua pūtake.

I tēnei wā, kia taea ai e te tangata te whakamahi i te pūngao hou ka taea te whakahou, me whakawhanake he hangarau rokiroki pūngao hou e watea ana, e whai hua ana hoki, he mea rongonui hoki tēnei i roto i ngā rangahau pāpori o nāianei.

I tēnei wā, ko ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, tētahi o ngā pākahiko tuarua tino whai hua, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taputapu hiko, te kawe waka, te rererangi me ētahi atu mara. He uaua ake ngā tūmanakohanga mō te whanaketanga.

He rite tonu ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te konutai me te konutai lithium, ā, he pānga rokiroki pūngao tōna. Nā te nui o te ihirangi, te tohatoha ōrite o te pūtake konutai, me te utu iti, ka whakamahia i roto i te hangarau rokiroki pūngao nui, he iti te utu me te tino whai hua.

Ko ngā rauemi irahiko pai me te kino o ngā pākahiko konutai katote ko ngā pūhui konganuku whakawhiti paparanga, ngā polyanion, ngā phosphate konganuku whakawhiti, ngā matūriki nano anga-matua, ngā pūhui konganuku, te waro mārō, me ētahi atu.

He huānga nui rawa ngā rahui waro i te taiao, he iti te utu, he ngāwari hoki te whiwhi, ā, kua nui te mōhiotia hei rauemi anode mō ngā pākahiko konutai-ion.

E ai ki te nui o te whakakāwhata, e rua ngā momo o ngā rauemi waro: te waro whakakāwhata me te waro kore-āhua.

Ko te waro mārō, nō te waro kore-āhua, he 300mAh/g te kaha rokiroki konutai, engari he uaua ki te whakamahi arumoni ngā rauemi waro he nui ake te kaha o te whakakāwhata nā te nui o te horahanga mata me te kaha o te raupapa.

Nō reira, ko ngā rauemi waro mārō kore-karāpiti te nuinga e whakamahia ana mō ngā rangahau mahi.

Hei whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā rauemi anode mō ngā pākahiko konutai-ion, ka taea te whakapai ake i te wai-aro me te kawe hiko o ngā rauemi waro mā te tāpiri i te katote, te whakakotahitanga rānei, ka taea ai te whakarei ake i te mahi rokiroki pūngao o ngā rauemi waro.

Hei rauemi hiko kino o te pākahiko konutai ion, ko ngā matū whakarewa he waro me ngā nitride whakarewa rua-ahu. Haunga ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā rauemi rua-ahu, kāore e taea e rātou te penapena i ngā katote konutai mā te mimiti me te whakauru, engari ka taea hoki te hono atu ki te konutai. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā katote ka whakaputa i te kaha mā roto i ngā tauhohenga matū mō te rokiroki pūngao, ā, ka tino whakapai ake i te pānga rokiroki pūngao.

Nā te nui o te utu me te uaua o te whiwhi i ngā matū whakarewa, ko ngā rauemi waro tonu ngā rauemi anode matua mō ngā pākahiko konutai-ion.

I puta ake te pikinga ake o ngā matū whakarewa whakawhiti paparanga i muri i te kitenga o te graphene. I tēnei wā, ko ngā rauemi rua-ahu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pākahiko konutai-ion ko te nuinga o ngā paparanga konutai NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, me ētahi atu.

I whakamahia tuatahitia ngā rauemi hiko polyanionic pai i roto i ngā hiko pai o te pākahiko lithium-ion, ā, i muri mai ka whakamahia i roto i ngā pākahiko konutai-ion. Ko ētahi o ngā rauemi matua ko ngā tioata olivine pērā i te NaMnPO4 me te NaFePO4.

I te tīmatanga, i whakamahia te phosphate whakarewa whakawhiti hei rauemi hiko pai i roto i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion. Kua pakari te tukanga hanga, ā, he maha ngā hanganga tioata.

Ko te Phosphate, hei hanganga toru-ahu, ka hanga he hanganga anga e pai ana mō te wetewete me te whakauru i ngā katote konutai, kātahi ka whiwhi i ngā pākahiko katote konutai me te mahi rokiroki pūngao tino pai.

Ko te rauemi hanganga anga-matua he momo rauemi anode hou mō ngā pākahiko konutai-ion kua puta ake i ngā tau tata nei. I runga i ngā rauemi taketake, kua tutuki i tēnei rauemi he hanganga tuwhera mā te hoahoa hanganga tino ataahua.

Ko ngā rauemi hanganga anga-matua e tino kitea ana ko ngā nanocube cobalt selenide tuwhera, ngā nanosphere konutai vanadate anga-matua i whakakotahihia ki te Fe-N, ngā nanosphere waro tuwhera waikura tine me ētahi atu hanganga tuwhera.

Nā ōna āhuatanga tino pai, me te hanganga makutu tuwhera me te pūwero, he nui ake ngā mahi hikohiko e whakaatuhia ana ki te electrolyte, ā, i te wa ano, ka tino whakatairangahia te nekehanga katote o te electrolyte kia tutuki ai te rokiroki pūngao whai hua.

Kei te piki haere tonu te kaha whakahou o te ao, e whakatairanga ana i te whanaketanga o te hangarau rokiroki pūngao.

I tēnei wā, e ai ki ngā tikanga rokiroki pūngao rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe ki te rokiroki pūngao ā-tinana me te rokiroki pūngao hiko-matū.

E tutuki ana te rokiroki pūngao hiko-matū i ngā paerewa whanaketanga o te hangarau rokiroki pūngao hou o ēnei rā nā runga i ōna painga o te haumaru teitei, te utu iti, te whakamahinga ngāwari, me te tino whai hua.

E ai ki ngā tukanga tauhohenga hikohiko rerekē, ko ngā pūtake hiko rokiroki hikohiko ko ngā supercapacitors, ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata, ngā pākahiko hiko wahie, ngā pākahiko nickel-metal hydride, ngā pākahiko konutai-whāwhā, me ngā pākahiko lithium-ion.

I roto i te hangarau rokiroki pūngao, kua kukume te tini o ngā kaipūtaiao i ngā rauemi hiko ngāwari nā te mea he rerekē te hoahoa, he ngāwari, he iti te utu, me ōna āhuatanga tiaki taiao.

He tino pumau te matū wera o ngā rauemi waro, he pai te kawe hiko, he kaha teitei, me ngā āhuatanga hangarau rerekē, ā, he mea pai ēnei hei whakamahi mā ngā pākahiko lithium-ion me ngā pākahiko konutai-ion.

Ka taea te utu tere me te tuku i ngā supercapacitors i raro i ngā āhuatanga au nui, ā, neke atu i te 100,000 ngā wā e ora ai te huringa. He momo hou ēnei o te putunga hiko rokiroki hiko motuhake i waenga i ngā capacitors me ngā pākahiko.

He āhuatanga o ngā supercapacitors ko te kiato mana teitei me te tere tahuritanga pūngao teitei, engari he iti te kiato pūngao, he ngāwari ki te tuku-ake, ā, he ngāwari ki te turuturu irahiko ina whakamahia hē.

Ahakoa he āhuatanga o te pūtau hiko wahie ko te kore utu, te kaha nui, te kaha motuhake teitei me te whānuitanga mana motuhake whānui, nā te pāmahana whakahaere teitei, te utu nui, me te iti o te whai huatanga o te hurihanga pūngao ka wātea noa i roto i te tukanga hokohoko. e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi kāwai.

He iti te utu, he pakari te hangarau, he teitei te haumaru o ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata, ā, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā teihana tohu, ngā pahikara hiko, ngā motuka, me te rokiroki hiko whatunga. Kāore e taea e ngā papa poto pēnei i te whakapoke i te taiao te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga me ngā paerewa e piki haere ana te teitei mō ngā pākahiko rokiroki hiko.

Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā pākahiko Ni-MH he kaha te whakamahi, he iti te uara wera, he nui te kaha monomer, me ngā āhuatanga tukunga pumau, engari he nui te taumaha, ā, he maha ngā raruraru i roto i te whakahaere raupapa pākahiko, ka taea ai te arahi ngāwari ki te rewa o ngā wehewehe pākahiko takitahi.