Ko te pūngao whakahou he pūngao e ahu mai ana i ngā pūtake taiao e whakakīia ana i te tere nui atu i te mea e pau ana. Hei tauira, ko te hihi o te rā me te hau ēnei pūtake e whakakīia tonutia ana. He nui ngā pūtake pūngao whakahou, ā, kei ngā wāhi katoa e karapoti ana i a tātou.
Ko ngā wahie parataiao – te waro, te hinu me te hau – i tētahi atu ringa, he rauemi kore e taea te whakahou, ā, e hia rau miriona tau te roa o te hanganga. Ina tahuna ngā wahie parataiao hei whakaputa pūngao, ka puta he tukunga hau kati kōtuhi kino, pērā i te hauhā waro.
He iti ake ngā tukunga mai i te whakaputanga pūngao hou i te tahu i ngā wahie pūmua. Ko te whakawhiti mai i ngā wahie pūmua, e kapi ana i te nuinga o ngā tukunga i tēnei wā, ki te pūngao hou te mea nui ki te aro atu ki te raruraru āhuarangi.
He iti ake te utu o ngā hinu whakahou i te nuinga o ngā whenua ināianei, ā, e toru ngā wā ka nui ake ngā mahi e puta mai ana i ngā hinu pūmua.
Anei ētahi puna noa o te pūngao hou:
PŪNGAO RĀ
Ko te pūngao o te rā te mea tino nui o ngā rauemi pūngao katoa, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā rangi kapua. Ko te tere o te hopunga o te pūngao o te rā e te Ao he tata ki te 10,000 ngā wā nui ake i te tere e pau ana te pūngao e te tangata.
Ka taea e ngā hangarau pūngao rā te tuku wera, whakamatao, māramatanga taiao, hiko, me ngā wahie mō te tini o ngā tono. Ka hurihia e ngā hangarau pūngao rā te hihi o te rā hei pūngao hiko mā roto i ngā panera photovoltaic, mā roto rānei i ngā whakaata e whakaemi ana i te hihi o te rā.
Ahakoa kāore i te ōrite te whiwhinga o te pūngao o te rā ki ngā whenua katoa, he nui te takoha a te pūngao tika o te rā ki te ranunga pūngao e taea ana e ia whenua.
Kua tino heke te utu mō te hanga panera rā i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, ā, ehara i te mea he utu whaitake anake, engari he maha ngā wā ko te momo hiko tino iti te utu. E 30 tau te roa o te ora o ngā panera rā, ā, he maha ngā tae e wātea ana i runga i te momo rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga.
PŪNGAO HAU
Ka whakamahia e te pūngao hau te pūngao nekeneke o te hau e neke ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tāwhana hau nui kei uta (i uta) i te moana rānei, i te wai māori rānei (i tai). Kua whakamahia te pūngao hau mō ngā mano tau, engari kua whanake haere ngā hangarau pūngao hau i uta me tai i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei hei whakanui ake i te hiko e whakaputaina ana – me ngā tāwhana teitei ake me ngā diameter rotor nui ake.
Ahakoa he rerekē te tere toharite o te hau i runga i te rohe, ko te pūmanawa hangarau o te ao mō te pūngao hau he nui ake i te whakaputa hiko o te ao, ā, he nui te pūmanawa kei te nuinga o ngā rohe o te ao hei whakahohe i te whakamahinga nui o te pūngao hau.
He kaha te hau i ngā wāhi maha o te ao, engari ko ngā wāhi tino pai mō te whakaputa hiko hau ko ngā wāhi tūroa. He nui te pūmanawa o te hiko hau moana.
PŪNGAO Ā-WHĀNUI
Ka whakamahia e te pūngao waiariki te pūngao wera e wātea ana mai i roto i te whenua. Ka tangohia te wera mai i ngā puna waiariki mā te whakamahi i ngā puna, i ētahi atu huarahi rānei.
Ko ngā puna wai he tino wera, he ngāwari hoki te uru ki roto ka kiia he puna waiariki, ko ngā puna waiariki ia he tino wera engari kua whakapaitia ake e te whakaoho waipēhi ka kiia he pūnaha waiariki whakarei ake.
Kia tae ki te mata, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā wai o ngā pāmahana rerekē hei whakaputa hiko. He pakari, he pono hoki te hangarau mō te whakaputa hiko mai i ngā puna waiariki, ā, kua neke atu i te 100 tau te roa e whakamahia ana.
PŪNGAO WAI
Ka whakamahia e te hiko wai te pūngao o te wai e neke ana mai i ngā teitei ki ngā teitei iti. Ka taea te whakaputa mai i ngā puna wai me ngā awa. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tipu hiko wai o ngā puna wai ki te wai kua rongoatia i roto i te puna wai, ko ngā tipu hiko wai e rere ana i te awa ia ka whakamahia te pūngao mai i te rere o te awa.
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā puna hiko wai – hei whakarato wai inu, hei whakamakuku wai, hei whakahaere waipuke me te tauraki, hei ratonga whakatere, tae atu ki te whakarato pūngao.
Ko te hiko wai te puna nui rawa atu o te pūngao whakahou i roto i te rāngai hiko. E whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tauira ua pumau tonu, ā, ka pāngia pea e ngā tauraki i puta mai i te āhuarangi, e ngā huringa rānei ki ngā rauropi e pā ana ki ngā tauira ua.
Ka pā kino hoki ngā hanganga e hiahiatia ana hei hanga hiko wai ki ngā pūnaha rauropi. Nā reira, he tokomaha e whakaaro ana he pai ake te whakamahi i te hiko wai iti mō te taiao, ā, he tino pai mō ngā hapori kei ngā wāhi tūmatanui.
PŪNGAO MOANA
I ahu mai te pūngao moana i ngā hangarau e whakamahi ana i te pūngao nekeneke me te pūngao wera o te wai moana – hei tauira, ko ngā ngaru, ko ngā ia rānei – hei whakaputa hiko, hei whakaputa wera rānei.
Kei te tīmatanga tonu te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha pūngao moana, ā, kei te tūhuratia ētahi tauira taputapu ngaru me ngā au tai. Ko te pūmanawa matapae mō te pūngao moana he nui ake i ngā hiahia pūngao tangata o nāianei.
PŪNGAORA
Ka puta te pūngao koiora mai i ngā momo rauemi rauropi, e kiia nei ko te koiora koiora, pērā i te rakau, te waro, te paru me ētahi atu paru hei hanga wera me te hiko, me ngā hua ahuwhenua hei hanga wahie koiora wai. Ko te nuinga o te koiora koiora e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhi tuawhenua mō te tunu kai, te whakamārama me te whakamahana wāhi, ko te nuinga o te wā e ngā taupori rawakore o ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Kei roto i ngā pūnaha koiora hou ngā hua whenua, ngā rākau rānei kua whakatapua, ngā toenga mai i te ahuwhenua me te ngahere, me ngā awa para koiora.
Ko te pūngao e puta mai ana i te tahu i te koiora ka puta he tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, engari he iti iho i te tahu i ngā wahie pūmua pēnei i te waro, te hinu, te hau rānei. Heoi anō, me whakamahi noa te pūngao koiora i roto i ngā tono iti, i runga i ngā pānga kino pea ki te taiao e pā ana ki te pikinga nui o ngā māra ngahere me te pūngao koiora, me te hua o te whakangaromanga o te ngahere me te huringa whakamahinga whenua.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 29-2022