Pūhiko Kuta Hiko
Ko te pākahiko te "tāke wahie" o tō kuta hiko. Ka rongoa i te pūngao e pau ana i te motuka DC, ngā rama, te kaiwhakahaere, me ētahi atu taputapu.

Ko te nuinga o ngā kuta hiko he momo pākahiko lithium-ion nā te mea he tino pai te kaha o te pūngao me te roa o te ora. He maha ngā kuta hiko mō ngā tamariki me ētahi atu tauira iti te utu he pākahiko waikawa-mata. I roto i te kuta, he mea hanga te pākahiko mai i ngā pūtau takitahi me ngā hikohiko e kiia nei ko te pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko e pupuri ana i te mahi haumaru.
He nui ake te kaha o ngā pākahiko nui ake, e inehia ana i roto i ngā hāora watt, ā, ka taea e te kuta hiko te haere tawhiti atu. Heoi anō, ka whakanuia hoki e rātou te rahi me te taumaha o te kuta — ka iti ake te kawe. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā pākahiko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino utu nui o te kuta, ā, ka piki ake te utu whānui.

Ngā momo pākahiko
He maha ngā pūtau pākahiko takitahi o ngā kete pākahiko hiko. He mea hanga ēnei ki ngā pūtau 18650, he whakarōpūtanga rahi mō ngā pākahiko lithium ion (Li-Ion) me ngā rahi porotaka 18 mm x 65 mm.

Kāore i te tino miharo ia pūtau 18650 i roto i te kete pākahiko — e whakaputa ana i te pūmanawa hiko o te ~3.6 volts (ingoa noa) me te kaha tata ki te 2.6 amp haora (2.6 A·h) tata ki te 9.4 watt-haora (9.4 Wh).

Ka whakahaerehia ngā pūtau pākahiko mai i te 3.0 volts (0% utu) ki te 4.2 volts (100% utu).

Ritiumu Āniota
He tino pai te mātotoru o te pūngao o ngā pākahiko Li-Ion, arā, te nui o te pūngao e rongoatia ana e ia taumaha tinana. He roa hoki te ora o ēnei pākahiko, arā, ka taea te tuku me te whakahou, te "hurihuri" rānei i ngā wā maha, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha rokiroki.

Ko te Li-ion e pā ana ki ngā matū maha o te pākahiko e pā ana ki te lithium ion. Anei tētahi rārangi poto i raro nei:

Te waikura konupora litiuma (LiMn2O4); e mōhiotia ana ko IMR, LMO, Li-manganese
Nikara konupora litiuma (LiNiMnCoO2); e mōhiotia ana ko INR, NMC
Ritiumu nikara konutai waikura konumohe (LiNiCoAlO2); e mōhiotia ana ko NCA, Li-konumohe
Te waikura konutai nikara konutai (LiCoO2); e mōhiotia ana ko te NCO
Te waikura konutai lithium (LiCoO2); e mōhiotia ana ko ICR, LCO, Li-cobalt
Te phosphate rino lithium (LiFePO4); e mōhiotia ana ko IFR, LFP, Li-phosphate
Ko ia o ēnei matū pākahiko he tauwhitinga i waenga i te haumaru, te roa o te ora, te kaha, me te putanga o te iahiko.

Ritiumu Manganese (INR, NMC)
He waimarie, he maha ngā kuta hiko kounga teitei e whakamahi ana i te matū pākahiko INR — tētahi o ngā matū haumaru rawa atu. Ka homai e tēnei pākahiko he kaha nui me te iahiko putanga. Mā te aroaro o te konupūmā ka whakaiti i te ātete o roto o te pākahiko, ka taea ai te putanga iahiko teitei me te pupuri i te pāmahana iti. Nō reira, ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te rere wera me te ahi.

Ko ētahi o ngā kuta hiko he matū INR kei roto ko ngā tauira WePed GT 50e me Dualtron.

Waikawa-ārahi
He matū tawhito te waikawa mata i roto i te pākahiko e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā motuka me ētahi waka hiko nunui ake, pērā i ngā kaata korowha. Kei roto hoki i ētahi kuta hiko; ko te mea tino kitea, ko ngā kuta tamariki utu iti mai i ngā kamupene pērā i a Razor.

He pai te utu mō ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata, engari he iti rawa te mātotoru o te pūngao, arā, he taumaha rawa atu i te nui o te pūngao e rongoatia ana e rātou. Ki te whakatauritea, he 10 ngā wā te mātotoru o te pūngao o ngā pākahiko Li-ion ki ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata.

Ngā Kete Pūhiko
Hei hanga i tētahi kete pākahiko me te kaha o ngā rau, ngā mano rānei o ngā haora watt, he maha ngā pūtau Li-ion 18650 takitahi ka huihuia hei hanganga pereki. Ka aroturukitia, ka whakahaeretia hoki te kete pākahiko pereki e tētahi ara iahiko hiko e kiia nei ko te pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko (BMS), e whakahaere ana i te rere o te hiko ki roto, ki waho hoki i te pākahiko.
Ka honoa ngā pūtau takitahi o te kete pākahiko i roto i te raupapa (mai i te pito ki te pito) e tāpiri ana i ō rātou ngaohiko. Koinei te huarahi e taea ai te whai kuta me ngā kete pākahiko 36 V, 48 V, 52 V, 60 V, nui ake rānei.

Kātahi ka honoa whakarara ēnei aho takitahi (he maha ngā pākahiko e raupapa ana) hei whakanui ake i te iahiko putanga.

Mā te whakarerekē i te maha o ngā pūtau raupapa me te whakarara, ka taea e ngā kaihanga kuta hiko te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko putanga, te iahiko mōrahi rānei me te kaha o te amp-haora.

E kore te whakarerekētanga o te whirihoranga pākahiko e whakanui ake i te katoa o te pūngao e rongoatia ana, engari ka taea e te pākahiko te tuku i te awhe whānui me te iti iho o te ngaohiko, ā, ko te ritenga ke.

Ngaohiko me te % e toe ana
Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia ia pūtau i roto i te kete pākahiko mai i te 3.0 volts (0% utu) tae noa ki te 4.2 volts (100% utu).

Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka whakahaerehia he pākahiko 36 V, (me ngā pākahiko 10 e raupapa ana) mai i te 30 V (0% utu) ki te 42 volts (100% utu). Ka taea e koe te kite i te hononga o te % e toe ana ki te ngaohiko pākahiko (ka whakaatuhia tika tēnei e ētahi kuta) mō ia momo pākahiko i roto i tā mātou tūtohi ngaohiko pākahiko.

Te hekenga o te ngaohiko
Ka pāngia ia pākahiko e tētahi āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te hekenga o te ngaohiko.

He maha ngā pānga o te hekenga o te ngaohiko, tae atu ki te matū lithium-ion, te pāmahana, me te ātete hiko. Ka hua ake i tēnei he whanonga kore-raina o te ngaohiko o te pākahiko.

Ina pāngia te pākahiko e te kawenga, ka heke tonu te ngaohiko. Ka taea e tēnei pānga te arahi ki te whakatau tika i te kaha o te pākahiko. Mēnā i pānui tika koe i te ngaohiko o te pākahiko, ka whakaaro koe kua ngaro tonu i a koe te 10% o tō kaha, neke atu rānei.

Kia tangohia te kawenga, ka hoki te ngaohiko o te pākahiko ki tōna taumata tūturu.

Ka puta hoki te hekenga o te ngaohiko i te wā e roa ana te tukunga o te pākahiko (pērā i te wā e haere roa ana). Ka roa te wā e rite ai te matū lithium i roto i te pākahiko ki te tere tukunga. Ka taea e tēnei te hua ake he tere ake te hekenga o te ngaohiko o te pākahiko i te mutunga o te haerenga roa.

Ki te tukua te pākahiko kia okioki, ka hoki anō ki tōna taumata ngaohiko pono, tika hoki.

Ngā Whakatauranga Pūmanawa
Ko te kaha o te pākahiko hiko-kuta ka whakatauhia i roto i ngā waeine o te watt haora (whakarāpopototanga Wh), he ine mō te pūngao. He tino māmā ki te mārama ki tēnei waeine. Hei tauira, ka rongoa e te pākahiko he whakatauranga 1 Wh te kaha e ranea ana hei whakarato i te kotahi watt o te hiko mō te kotahi haora.

Ko te nui ake o te kaha o te pūngao he nui ake ngā haora watt o te pākahiko, arā, he roa ake te tawhiti o te kuta hiko mō tētahi rahi motuka. Ko te kaha toharite o te kuta he 250 Wh, ā, ka taea te haere mō te 10 maero i te toharite o te 15 maero ia haora. Ka taea e ngā kuta tino kaha te eke ki ngā mano watt haora me te whānuitanga tae atu ki te 60 maero.

Ngā Waitohu Pūhiko
He torutoru noa iho ngā kamupene rongonui o te ao e hanga ana i ngā pūtau Li-ion takitahi i roto i te kete pākahiko hiko-kuta. Ko ngā pūtau kounga teitei i hangaia e LG, Samsung, Panasonic, me Sanyo. Ko ēnei momo pūtau ka kitea noa i roto i ngā kete pākahiko o ngā kuta utu nui.

Ko te nuinga o ngā kuta hiko utu iti me ngā kuta hiko haereere he putea pākahiko kei a rātou i hangaia mai i ngā pūtau Hainamana noa, he rerekē rawa te kounga.

Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kuta hiko waitohu me ngā kuta Hainamana whānui he nui ake te taurangi o te whakahaere kounga me ngā waitohu rongonui. Mena kāore e taea e koe te utu, me whakarite kei te hoko koe i tētahi kuta mai i tētahi kaihanga rongonui e whakamahi ana i ngā wāhanga kounga teitei, ā, he pai hoki ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga (QC).

Ko ētahi tauira o ngā kamupene he pai pea ā rātou whakaritenga kounga ko Xiaomi me Segway.

Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūhiko
Ahakoa he tino pai ngā painga o ngā pūtau Li-ion 18650, he iti ake te ngāwari o ēnei i ērā atu hangarau pākahiko, ā, ka pahū pea mēnā ka whakamahia hē. Nā konei i te nuinga o te wā ka huihuia ēnei ki roto i ngā kete pākahiko he pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko tōna.

Ko te pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko (BMS) he wāhanga hiko e aroturuki ana i te kete pākahiko, e whakahaere ana hoki i te utu me te tango i te hiko. Kua hangaia ngā pākahiko Li-ion kia mahi i waenga i te 2.5 ki te 4.0 V. Mā te utu nui rawa, te tango katoa rānei ka taea te whakapoto i te ora o te pākahiko, te whakaoho rānei i ngā āhuatanga wera kino. Me ārai te BMS i te utu nui rawa. He maha ngā BMS ka tapahi i te hiko i mua i te tango katoa o te pākahiko kia roa ai te ora. Ahakoa tēnei, he maha tonu ngā kaieke e tiaki ana i ā rātou pākahiko mā te kore e tango katoa i te hiko, ā, ka whakamahi hoki i ngā rihi motuhake hei whakahaere pai i te tere me te nui o te utu.

Ka aroturukihia hoki e ngā pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko matatau ake te pāmahana o te kete, ā, ka whakahohe i te aukati mēnā ka wera rawa.

Reiti-C
Ki te mea kei te rangahau koe mō te utunga pākahiko, tera pea ka tūtaki koe ki te tere-C. Ko te tere-C e whakaatu ana i te tere o te utunga katoa, te tukunga rānei o te pākahiko. Hei tauira, ko te tere-C o te 1C ko te tikanga ka utua te pākahiko i roto i te kotahi hāora, ko te 2C ko te tikanga ka utua katoatia i roto i te 0.5 hāora, ā, ko te 0.5C ko te tikanga ka utua katoatia i roto i ngā hāora e rua. Ki te mea ka utua katoatia e koe he pākahiko 100 A·h mā te whakamahi i te iahiko 100 A, ka roa te kotahi hāora, ā, ko te tere-C ko te 1C.

Te Ora o te Pūhiko
Ka taea e te pākahiko Li-ion noa te whakahaere i te 300 ki te 500 huringa utu/tuku i mua i te hekenga o te kaha. Mō te kuta hiko toharite, ko te 3000 ki te 10,000 maero tēnei! Kia maumahara ko te "hekenga o te kaha" ehara i te mea "ngaro katoa te kaha," engari he hekenga kitea o te 10 ki te 20% ka haere tonu te kino.

Mā ngā pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko hou ka roa ake te ora o te pākahiko, ā, kaua e manukanuka rawa ki te tiaki i a ia.

Heoi, ki te hiahia koe ki te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te pākahiko, kei reira ētahi mea ka taea e koe te mahi hei neke atu i te 500 huringa. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

Kaua e rongoatia tō kuta kua kī katoa, me te mono rānei i te rihi mō te wā roa.
Kaua e rongoatia te kuta hiko kua kore e whakakīia. Ka pakaru ngā pākahiko Li-ion ina heke iho i te 2.5 V. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e kī ana kia rongoatia ngā kuta kua 50% te whakakīia, ā, kia nui ake te whakakī i ia wā, i ia wā, kia roa ai te rokiroki.
Kaua e whakahaerehia te pākahiko o te kuta i ngā pāmahana i raro iho i te 32 F°, i runga ake rānei i te 113 F°.
Whakakīia tō kuta ki te tere C-iti iho, arā, whakakīia te pākahiko ki te tere iti iho i tōna kaha mōrahi hei tiaki/whakapai ake i te roa o te pākahiko. Ko te utu i te tere C-iti i raro i te 1 te mea tino pai. Mā ētahi o ngā rihi utu pai ake, tere-teitei rānei ka taea e koe te whakahaere i tēnei.
Ako atu mō te utu i tētahi kuta hiko.

Whakarāpopototanga

Ko te mea nui i konei, kaua e whakamahia kinotia te pākahiko, ā, ka roa te ora o te kuta. He maha ngā tāngata e rongo ana mō ā rātou kuta hiko kua pakaru, ā, he onge noa iho te raru o te pākahiko!