He momo hou opākahiko mō ngā waka hikoka roa ake te ora i ngā pāmahana tino wera me te tino makariri, e ai ki tētahi rangahau tata nei.

E ai ki ngā kaipūtaiao, mā ngā pākahiko ka taea e ngā EV te haere tawhiti ake i runga i te utunga kotahi i ngā pāmahana makariri – ā, ka iti ake te tūponotanga kia wera rawa i ngā āhuarangi wera.

Mā tēnei ka iti ake te auau o te utu mō ngā taraiwa EV, ā, ka hoatu hoki ki tengā pākahikohe ora roa ake.

I hangaia e te tīma rangahau o Amerika tētahi matū hou he ātete matū ake ki ngā pāmahana tino kino, ā, e tāpirihia ana ki ngā pākahiko lithium kaha-nui.

"Me whakamahi i te pāmahana teitei i ngā wāhi ka eke te pāmahana taiao ki ngā mati toru, ā, ka wera ake ngā rori," te kī a Ahorangi Zheng Chen o Te Whare Wānanga o California-San Diego.

"I roto i ngā waka hiko, kei raro i te papa ngā putea pākahiko, e tata ana ki ēnei rori wera. Waihoki, ka mahana ake ngā pākahiko nā te mea he au hiko kei roto i te hiko i te wā e whakamahia ana."

"Ki te kore e taea e ngā pākahiko te aro atu ki tēnei whakamahana i te pāmahana teitei, ka tere te heke o tā rātou mahi."

I roto i tētahi pepa i whakaputaina i te Mane i roto i te puka Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, e whakaahua ana ngā kairangahau i roto i ngā whakamātautau, i pupuri ngā pākahiko i te 87.5 ōrau me te 115.9 ōrau o tō rātou kaha pūngao ki te –40 Celsius (–104 Fahrenheit) me te 50 Celsius (122 Fahrenheit) ia.

He teitei hoki te whai huatanga Coulombic o te 98.2 ōrau me te 98.7 ōrau, ko te tikanga ka taea e ngā pākahiko te haere i roto i ngā huringa utu maha i mua i te mutunga o te mahi.

Nā te mea he electrolyte i hangaia mai i te tote lithium me te dibutyl ether, he wai kore tae e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi mahi hanga pēnei i ngā rongoā me ngā patupatu.

He āwhina te dibutyl ether nā te mea kāore ōna ngota e ngāwari te takaro me ngā katote lithium i te wā e oma ana te pākahiko, ā, ka pai ake tana mahi i ngā pāmahana i raro i te kore.

Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te dibutyl ether te tu atu i te wera i tōna pāmahana kohua o te 141 Celsius (285.8 Fahrenheit), arā, ka noho wai tonu i ngā pāmahana tiketike.

Ko te mea e tino motuhake ai tēnei irahiko, ka taea te whakamahi me te pākahiko lithium-whanariki, ka taea te whakahou ake, ā, he anode i hangaia ki te lithium me te cathode i hangaia ki te whanariki.

Ko ngā anode me ngā cathode ngā wāhanga o te pākahiko e haere ai te iahiko.

Ko ngā pākahiko lithium-whanariki tētahi o ngā mahi nui e whai ake nei i roto i ngā pākahiko EV nā te mea ka taea e rātou te penapena i te pūngao tae atu ki te rua ngā wā nui ake i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion o nāianei.

Ka taea e tēnei te whakaneke rua i te whānuitanga o ngā EV me te kore e whakanui ake i te taumaha o tepākahikotākai me te pupuri i ngā utu kia iti.

He nui ake te whanariki, ā, he iti ake te mamae o te taiao me te tangata ki te pūtake i te cobalt, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā cathode pākahiko lithium-ion tuku iho.

Ko te tikanga, he raruraru kei ngā pākahiko lithium-whanariki – he tino tauhohe ngā cathode whanariki, ka rewa i te wā e oma ana te pākahiko, ā, ka kino haere tēnei i ngā pāmahana teitei ake.

Ka taea e ngā anode konukōre lithium te hanga i ngā hanganga rite ki te ngira e kiia nei ko ngā dendrite ka taea te wero i ngā wāhanga o te pākahiko nā te mea ka poto te ara iahiko.

Nā reira, e tekau noa iho ngā huringa e mau ana i ēnei pākahiko.

Mā te electrolyte dibutyl ether i whakawhanakehia e te tīma UC-San Diego ēnei raruraru e whakatika, ahakoa i ngā pāmahana tino kino.

He roa ake te ora o ngā pākahiko i whakamatautauria e rātou i te pākahiko lithium-whanariki noa.

"Ki te hiahia koe ki tētahi pākahiko he nui te kaha o te pūngao, me whakamahi koe i te matū tino uaua, tino pakari," te kī a Chen.

"Ko te tikanga o te kaha nui ko te nui ake o ngā tauhohenga e puta ana, ko te tikanga he iti ake te pumau, he nui ake te pirau."

"He mahi uaua te hanga i tētahi pākahiko pūngao-nui e pumau ana – he uaua ake te ngana ki te mahi i tēnei mā roto i tētahi awhe pāmahana whānui."

"Ka āwhina tā mātou electrolyte ki te whakapai ake i te taha cathode me te taha anode, me te whakarato hoki i te kawe hiko teitei me te pumau o te atanga."

I hangaia anō hoki e te tīma te katote whanariki kia pumau ake mā te hono atu ki tētahi pūmua. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te wairewa o te whanariki ki roto i te electrolyte.

Ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakanui ake i te matū o te pākahiko kia mahi ai i ngā pāmahana teitei ake, ā, kia roa ake ai te roa o te huringa.