Ko te pikinga nui o ngā utu mō ngā rauemi mata pākahiko mai i te tīmatanga o te tau 2021 kei te puta te whakapae mō te pakaru o te tono, te whakaroa rānei, ā, kua arahina ki te whakapono ka taea e ngā kamupene motuka te whakarerekē i ngā manakohanga mō ā rātou waka hiko.

Ko te putea utu iti rawa ko te lithium-rino-phosphate, ko teLFP.Kua whakamahia e Tesla te LFP mō āna tauira taumata-whakaurunga i hangaia i Haina mai i te tau 2021. I kī mai anō hoki ētahi atu kaihanga waka pērā i a Volkswagen me Rivian ka whakamahia e rātou te LFP mō āna tauira iti te utu.

Ko ngā pākahiko nikara-kopara-manganese, NCM rānei, tētahi atu kōwhiringa. He rite te nui o te lithium e hiahiatia ana mō ēneiLFP, engari kei roto ko te konukōre, he mea utu nui, ā, he tautohenga te tukanga whakaputa.

Kua piki ake te utu o te konganuku kobalt mā te 70% i tēnei tau. Kua kite te nikara i te pōrearea i muri i te pēhitanga poto i runga i te LME. Kei te hokohokohia te utu nikara mō ngā marama e toru i te awhe o te $27,920-$28,580/mita i te 10 o Mei.

I taua wā anō, kua piki ake ngā utu o te konukōreiti neke atu i te 700% mai i te tīmatanga o te tau 2021, ā, kua piki ake hoki ngā utu o ngā pākahiko.
E ai ki te S&P Global Market Intelligence, ko ngā utu whakarewa pākahiko Hainamana i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi i piki ake mā te 580.7% i ia tau mō ngā pākahiko LFP i runga i te tāra mō ia kirokaramu, tata ki te $36/kwh. Ko ngā pākahiko NCM i piki ake mā te 152.6% i roto i taua wā anō ki te $73-78/kwh i te marama o Pēpuere.

"Ko te arariitiuma"kua piki ake te utu i ngā marama 12 kua pahure ake nei. He iti ake te hekenga i tāu e tumanako ai [ki a NCM] ā, ina tāpirihia ngā āhuatanga mahi, he whakatau uaua ake i tērā. Akene ka hiahia koe ki te hoatu i ētahi mahi hei utu mō te utu, engari kāore i te tino iti ake te utu i ēnei rā," te kī a tētahi kaihoko konupora waikura.

"I reira anō ngā āwangawanga, nā te mea he nui rawa te mōrearea o te utu o te LFP mō te wāhanga e arohia ana e ia, arā, ko ngā pākahiko iti te utu," te whakaae a tētahi puna kaihanga lithium.

"Kāore he huarahi kē atu hei whakakapi i ngā pākahiko e whakamahi ana i te nikara (arā, ko ērā e 8 ngā wāhanga nikara, neke atu rānei) i roto i te wā poto ki te wā waenga. Ko te hoki ki ngā pākahiko NMC iti-nikara ka whakaara anō i ngā āwangawanga mō te whakamahinga o te konukōre, engari kāore anō kia taea e ngā pākahiko LFP te taurite katoa ki te mahi o te whānuitanga, ā, he iti hoki ngā āhuatanga pāmahana kāore i te pai ki te whakataurite ki ngā pākahiko e whakamahi ana i te nikara," ko Alice Yu, te kaitātari matua, S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Ahakoa ko te pākahiko LFP te mea tino pai ki Haina, e whakaarohia ana ka nui ake te wāhi o te NCM i ngā mākete o te EU – e pai ake ana ki ngā kaihoko ngā waka e kawe ana i a rātou puta noa i te motu, puta noa i ngā whenua me ngā utu iti rawa.

"Ina tirohia te hoahoa i ngā tipu pākahiko, me arotake e tātou te ngāwari. I tēnei wā, he ōrite te utu i waenga i te LFP me te NCM. Mēnā ka iti ake te utu o te LFP, tera pea ka taea e tātou te whakarite i te whakaputanga, engari i tēnei wā me whakaputa e tātou te NCM nā te mea he hua kounga teitei," te kī a tētahi OEM motuka.

I tautokona anō taua kōrero e te tuarua o ngā OEM motuka, "Ka wātea ngā pākahiko LFP mō ngā waka taumata tīmatanga, engari kāore e whakamahia mō ngā waka utu nui".

Tauwehenga whakawhāiti

He āwangawanga nui tonu te tuku o te lithium mō te mākete EV, ā, he mea pea e kore ai e taea e tētahi kamupene te huri ki te LFP.

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau a S&P Global Commodity Insights, mēnā ka tukuna ngā maina lithium katoa i roto i te paipa i roto i te wā kua whakaritea, me ngā whakaritenga tika mō ngā rauemi pākahiko, ka noho tonu he 220,000 mita ia mita te korenga o te hiko i te tau 2030, me te whakaaro ka eke te tono ki te 2 miriona mita ia mita i te mutunga o te tekau tau.

Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga konukōre o te Hauāuru kei raro i ngā kirimana wā roa te nuinga o ā rātou hua, ā, kua pukumahi ngā kaiwhakawhiti Hainamana ki ngā whakaritenga kirimana wā-tū me te wā-roa.

"He maha ngā tono [ā-wāhi], engari kāore ā mātou rauemi e wātea ana i tēnei wā," te kī a te puna kaihanga lithium. "He nui ngā rahinga e wātea ana ina raru te kaihoko, ina whakakorea rānei he tuku mō tētahi take, ki te kore kua tuhia katoatia," tāna tāpiri.

Ko te pikinga ake o ngā āwangawanga mō te konukōre me ētahi atu konganuku pākahiko, ā, koinei te take e whakawhāiti ana i te whakamahinga o ngā waka hiko, kua ārahi i ngā kaihanga waka ki te whai wāhi atu ki te taha whakarunga o te umanga.

Ka haumi a General Motors ki te whakawhanake i te kaupapa lithium Hell's Kitchen a Controlled Thermal Resources i California. I mahi tahi a Stellantis, Volkswagen me Renault me ​​Vulcan Resources ki te tiki rauemi mai i te kaupapa Zero Carbon i Tiamana.

He kōwhiringa kē atu mō te konutai-ion

I runga i te iti o te tuku o te lithium, te cobalt me ​​te nickel e tumanakohia ana, kua tūhuratia e te umanga pākahiko ētahi atu huarahi kē atu. E kiia ana ko ngā pākahiko konutai-ion tētahi o ngā kōwhiringa tino whai hua.

Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e te konutai-ion te waro i roto i te anode me ngā rauemi mai i tētahi kāwai e mōhiotia ana ko te Prussian Blue i roto i te cathode. He "raupapa konganuku ka taea te whakamahi i runga i te Prussian Blue, ā, ka rerekē i runga i te kamupene," e ai ki a Venkat Srinivasan, te kaiwhakahaere o te Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) kei te US.

Ko te painga nui rawa atu mō te konutai-ion ko tōna utu whakaputa iti iho, e ai ki ngā puna kōrero. Nā te nui o te konutai i runga i te whenua, tata ki te 3%-50% te iti iho o te utu mō ēnei kete pākahiko i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion. He rite te kiato o te pūngao ki te LFP.

I te tau kua hipa, i huraina e Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), tētahi o ngā kaihanga pākahiko nui rawa atu i Haina, tana whakatupuranga tuatahi o te pākahiko konutai-ion, me tana otinga kete pākahiko AB, i whakaatu i tōna kaha ki te whakauru i ngā pūtau konutai-ion me ngā pūtau lithium-ion ki roto i te kete kotahi. E ai ki a CATL, he hototahi te tukanga hanga me ngā taputapu o te pākahiko konutai-ion ki te pākahiko lithium-ion o nāianei.

Engari i mua i te ekenga o te konutai-ion ki te taumata arumoni nui, me aro atu ki ētahi āwangawanga.

Heoi anō, me whakapai ake ētahi āhuatanga o te electrolyte me te anode.

Ki te whakatauritea ki te pākahiko LFP, he kaha ake te konutai-ion ina tukuna, engari he ngoikore ake ina utu.

Ko te mea nui e whakawhāiti ana, he wā poto tonu tēnei i mua i te wāteatanga i te taumata arumoni.

Waihoki, kua haumihia ngā piriona tāra ki te mekameka tuku lithium-ion i runga i ngā matū whai rawa i te lithium me te nikara.

"Ka tino tirohia e mātou te konutai-ion engari me arotahi tuatahi mātou ki ngā hangarau kua wātea kē, me te kawe mai i te tipu ki te ipurangi," te kī a tētahi kaihanga pākahiko.